This final report examines social safeguards for Malaysia’s ecological fiscal transfer (EFT) programme. It explains EFT as a mechanism for transferring public revenue between government jurisdictions based on ecological indicators, reviews international EFT models and Malaysia’s federal-state conservation financing arrangements, and considers risks for people living in or near protected areas. The report discusses global principles, indigenous peoples’ land rights, co-management models and Malaysian case studies, then recommends ways to strengthen safeguards and avoid exclusionary conservation outcomes.

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